Oral evidence must, in all cases, whatever, be direct; that is to say -
if it refers to a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he saw it;
if it refers to a fact which could be heard, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he heard it;
if it refers to a fact which could be perceived by any other sense or in any other manner, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he perceived it by that sense or in that manner;
if it refers to an opinion or to the grounds on which that opinion is held, it must be the evidence of the person who holds that opinion on those grounds:
Provided that the opinions of experts expressed in any treatise commonly offered for sale, and the grounds on which such opinions are held, may be proved by the production of such treatises if the author is dead or cannot be found; or has become incapable of giving evidence, or cannot be called as a witness without an amount of delay or expense which the Court regards as unreasonable:
Provided also that, if oral evidence refers to the existence or condition of any material thing other than a document, the Court may, if it thinks fit, require the production of such material thing for its inspection.
Section 51 Grounds of opinion, when relevant
Section 52 In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant
Section 53 In criminal cases previous good character relevant
Section 53A Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases
Section 54 Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply
Section 55 Character as affecting damages
Section 56 Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved
Section 57 Facts of which Court must take judicial notice
Section 58 Facts admitted need not be proved